Understand your heart.
Understand your options.

INOCA describes ischemic symptoms or evidence of reduced heart blood flow without a major obstructive coronary blockage.

Microvascular angina involves dysfunction in the heart’s smallest blood vessels and may require evaluation beyond a standard angiogram.

A non-obstructive angiogram does not rule out every cardiac cause of chest pain, including microvascular and vasomotor conditions.

Coronary vasospasm is temporary tightening of a coronary artery that can reduce blood flow and produce symptoms.

Coronary flow reserve compares blood flow under resting and increased-demand conditions to help assess coronary circulation.

Fractional flow reserve is an invasive physiologic measurement used to assess whether a coronary narrowing limits blood flow.

Instantaneous wave-free ratio is another invasive pressure-based method used to evaluate the functional importance of a coronary narrowing.

Angiography-based physiology estimates the functional importance of a narrowing from coronary angiographic images.

FFRangio is one form of angiography-derived coronary physiology that estimates pressure effects from routine angiographic images without replacing the clinician’s full assessment.

The decision depends on symptoms, anatomy, physiology, overall risk, and how the findings fit the full clinical picture.

Complex PCI refers to coronary intervention involving challenging anatomy, patient risk, or procedural planning needs.

High-risk PCI involves careful planning for selected patients whose clinical status or coronary anatomy increases procedural complexity.

A chronic total occlusion is a coronary artery that has been completely blocked for an extended period.

Treatment planning may use specialized imaging and plaque-modification techniques when intervention is appropriate.

Intravascular ultrasound uses a miniature ultrasound device inside the artery to show the vessel and plaque in cross-section.

Optical coherence tomography uses light-based imaging inside a coronary artery to provide detailed information for selected procedures.

IVUS uses ultrasound and OCT uses near-infrared light; each can answer different questions about vessel size, plaque, and a coronary procedure result.

CCTA is a noninvasive CT examination that shows the coronary arteries and plaque.

CCTA evaluates coronary anatomy, while stress testing assesses the heart’s response to increased demand; the appropriate test depends on the question.

FFRCT uses coronary CT data and computational analysis to estimate the physiologic effect of coronary narrowings.

AI-enabled analysis can help quantify and characterize plaque seen on coronary CT when the information is clinically useful.

A coronary calcium score measures calcified plaque and can add information to a clinician-guided risk assessment.

South Asian patients may face earlier or underestimated cardiometabolic risk, making culturally informed prevention important.

Resistant hypertension generally describes blood pressure that remains above goal despite an appropriate multi-medication strategy and requires structured evaluation.

Renal denervation is a catheter-based procedure considered for selected patients with hypertension after clinical evaluation.

Lipoprotein(a) is an inherited lipid particle associated with cardiovascular risk and is measured with a blood test.

Familial hypercholesterolemia is an inherited condition associated with very high LDL cholesterol and early cardiovascular risk.

A clinician can review symptoms, prior treatments, cardiovascular risk, and evidence-based alternatives rather than abandoning lipid care.

PCSK9-targeting treatments are prescription options that can substantially lower LDL cholesterol for appropriately selected patients after an individualized risk and treatment review.

Inclisiran is a prescription small-interfering RNA therapy that lowers LDL cholesterol by reducing production of PCSK9 and is considered within a clinician-directed lipid plan.

Metabolic conditions can interact with blood pressure, lipids, inflammation, and other factors that shape cardiovascular risk.

Possible symptoms include reduced exercise tolerance, shortness of breath, chest pressure, or fainting, but individual assessment is essential.

TAVR may be considered for severe aortic stenosis after evaluation of symptoms, imaging, overall health, anatomy, and treatment options.

Peripheral artery disease can cause leg discomfort with walking, reduced circulation, wounds, or no obvious symptoms.

Another opinion can help when a diagnosis is unclear, symptoms continue, or you face a complex treatment decision.